Flink: Backport: Filter CatalogTable properties

[pvary]

Backport of #16313.

Clean backport with a single exception:

      // `type` option is filtered out by Flink
      // https://github.com/apache/flink/blob/edc3d68736de73665440f4313ddcfd9142d8d42b/flink-table/flink-table-common/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/table/factories/FactoryUtil.java#L378
      Map<String, String> filteredOptions = Maps.newHashMap(config);
      filteredOptions.remove(CommonCatalogOptions.CATALOG_TYPE.key());

The snippet above doesn't apply for Flink 1.20, so it is removed.