diff --git a/src/batch/services/batch-item-filename.ts b/src/batch/services/batch-item-filename.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42e2dd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/batch/services/batch-item-filename.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+const MAX_SLUG_LENGTH = 100;
+
+function slugify(value: string): string {
+  return value
+    .replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9.-]+/g, "-")
+    .replace(/^-+|-+$/g, "")
+    .slice(0, MAX_SLUG_LENGTH);
+}
+
+export function batchItemFilename(input: string, index: number): string {
+  const fallback = `item-${index}`;
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(input);
+    const slug = slugify(`${url.hostname}${url.pathname}`);
+    return slug.length > 0 ? slug : fallback;
+  } catch {
+    return fallback;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/batch/services/batch-record.ts b/src/batch/services/batch-record.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5d5c45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/batch/services/batch-record.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import type { BatchResult } from "../types/batch-result.js";
+
+export interface BatchRecord {
+  error?: { class: string; message: string };
+  index: number;
+  input: string;
+  result?: unknown;
+}
+
+export function toBatchRecord(result: BatchResult): BatchRecord {
+  if (result.ok) {
+    return { index: result.index, input: result.input, result: result.data };
+  }
+
+  return { index: result.index, input: result.input, error: result.error };
+}
diff --git a/src/batch/services/directory-sink.ts b/src/batch/services/directory-sink.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4457131
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/batch/services/directory-sink.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import { mkdirSync, writeFileSync } from "node:fs";
+import { join } from "node:path";
+import type { BatchResult } from "../types/batch-result.js";
+import type { BatchSink } from "../types/batch-sink.js";
+import { batchItemFilename } from "./batch-item-filename.js";
+import { toBatchRecord } from "./batch-record.js";
+import { uniqueName } from "./unique-name.js";
+
+export interface DirectorySinkOptions {
+  pretty?: boolean;
+}
+
+export function createDirectorySink(
+  dir: string,
+  options: DirectorySinkOptions = {}
+): BatchSink {
+  mkdirSync(dir, { recursive: true });
+  const used = new Set<string>();
+  const indent = options.pretty ? 2 : undefined;
+
+  return {
+    write(result: BatchResult): void {
+      const base = batchItemFilename(result.input, result.index);
+      const name = uniqueName(base, used);
+      const record = toBatchRecord(result);
+      writeFileSync(
+        join(dir, `${name}.json`),
+        JSON.stringify(record, null, indent),
+        "utf8"
+      );
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/batch/services/ndjson-stdout-sink.ts b/src/batch/services/ndjson-stdout-sink.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74e19a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/batch/services/ndjson-stdout-sink.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import type { BatchResult } from "../types/batch-result.js";
+import type { BatchSink } from "../types/batch-sink.js";
+import { toBatchRecord } from "./batch-record.js";
+
+export function createNdjsonStdoutSink(): BatchSink {
+  return {
+    write(result: BatchResult): void {
+      process.stdout.write(`${JSON.stringify(toBatchRecord(result))}\n`);
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/batch/services/unique-name.ts b/src/batch/services/unique-name.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7337a36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/batch/services/unique-name.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+export function uniqueName(base: string, used: Set<string>): string {
+  if (!used.has(base)) {
+    used.add(base);
+    return base;
+  }
+
+  let suffix = 2;
+  while (used.has(`${base}-${suffix}`)) {
+    suffix++;
+  }
+
+  const candidate = `${base}-${suffix}`;
+  used.add(candidate);
+  return candidate;
+}
diff --git a/src/batch/types/batch-sink.ts b/src/batch/types/batch-sink.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e746fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/batch/types/batch-sink.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import type { BatchResult } from "./batch-result.js";
+
+export interface BatchSink {
+  close?(): void | Promise<void>;
+  write(result: BatchResult): void | Promise<void>;
+}
diff --git a/tests/batch/batch-item-filename.test.ts b/tests/batch/batch-item-filename.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ab86ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/batch/batch-item-filename.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { batchItemFilename } from "../../src/batch/services/batch-item-filename.js";
+
+describe("batchItemFilename", () => {
+  it("slugs a URL from host and path, dropping the query", () => {
+    expect(batchItemFilename("https://example.com/a/b?x=1", 0)).toBe(
+      "example.com-a-b"
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("falls back to the row index for non-URL input", () => {
+    expect(batchItemFilename("how to scrape", 3)).toBe("item-3");
+  });
+
+  it("truncates very long slugs", () => {
+    const long = `https://example.com/${"a".repeat(300)}`;
+    expect(batchItemFilename(long, 0).length).toBeLessThanOrEqual(100);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/batch/directory-sink.test.ts b/tests/batch/directory-sink.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35e1776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/batch/directory-sink.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import { mkdtempSync, readdirSync, readFileSync, rmSync } from "node:fs";
+import { tmpdir } from "node:os";
+import { join } from "node:path";
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { createDirectorySink } from "../../src/batch/services/directory-sink.js";
+
+let dir: string;
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  dir = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), "batch-dir-sink-"));
+});
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+});
+
+describe("createDirectorySink", () => {
+  it("writes one record file per item, named from the input", () => {
+    const outDir = join(dir, "out");
+    const sink = createDirectorySink(outDir);
+
+    sink.write({ index: 0, input: "https://a.com/x", ok: true, data: "A" });
+    sink.write({
+      index: 1,
+      input: "https://b.com",
+      ok: false,
+      error: { class: "TimeoutError", message: "timed out" },
+    });
+
+    const files = readdirSync(outDir).sort();
+    expect(files).toEqual(["a.com-x.json", "b.com.json"]);
+
+    const success = JSON.parse(
+      readFileSync(join(outDir, "a.com-x.json"), "utf8")
+    );
+    expect(success).toEqual({
+      index: 0,
+      input: "https://a.com/x",
+      result: "A",
+    });
+
+    const failure = JSON.parse(
+      readFileSync(join(outDir, "b.com.json"), "utf8")
+    );
+    expect(failure).toEqual({
+      index: 1,
+      input: "https://b.com",
+      error: { class: "TimeoutError", message: "timed out" },
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("dedupes colliding names with a numeric suffix", () => {
+    const sink = createDirectorySink(dir);
+
+    sink.write({ index: 0, input: "not a url", ok: true, data: 1 });
+    sink.write({ index: 0, input: "also not a url", ok: true, data: 2 });
+
+    const files = readdirSync(dir).sort();
+    expect(files).toEqual(["item-0-2.json", "item-0.json"]);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/batch/ndjson-stdout-sink.test.ts b/tests/batch/ndjson-stdout-sink.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef3a909
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/batch/ndjson-stdout-sink.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { createNdjsonStdoutSink } from "../../src/batch/services/ndjson-stdout-sink.js";
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  vi.restoreAllMocks();
+});
+
+describe("createNdjsonStdoutSink", () => {
+  it("writes one JSON line per result to stdout", () => {
+    const lines: string[] = [];
+    vi.spyOn(process.stdout, "write").mockImplementation((chunk: unknown) => {
+      lines.push(String(chunk));
+      return true;
+    });
+
+    const sink = createNdjsonStdoutSink();
+    sink.write({ index: 0, input: "https://a.com", ok: true, data: { ok: 1 } });
+    sink.write({
+      index: 1,
+      input: "https://b.com",
+      ok: false,
+      error: { class: "ValidationError", message: "nope" },
+    });
+
+    expect(lines).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(lines[0].endsWith("\n")).toBe(true);
+    expect(JSON.parse(lines[0])).toEqual({
+      index: 0,
+      input: "https://a.com",
+      result: { ok: 1 },
+    });
+    expect(JSON.parse(lines[1])).toEqual({
+      index: 1,
+      input: "https://b.com",
+      error: { class: "ValidationError", message: "nope" },
+    });
+  });
+});